The rebuilding of the city was slow . From 1867 – 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson Barracks in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction era reforms. To help the newly freed slaves, the Freedmen’s Bureau worked side by side with a number of freedmen’s aid organizations, particularly the American Missionary Association. In 1868, Atlanta became the fifth city to serve as the state capital. The Confederate Soldiers’ Home was built to house elderly and disabled Georgia veterans from 1901 to 1941. Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of the “New South”, one built on a modern economy, less reliant on agriculture. However, as Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 left at least 27 dead and over 70 injured.
In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, wasactive with streetcars and automobiles.
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta-born Margaret Mitchell’s best-selling novel of the same name. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de Havilland and legendary producer David O. Selznick attended the gala, which was held at Loew’s Grand Theatre, now destroyed. Leslie Howard had returned to England for the war. The reception was held at the Georgian Terrace Hotel, which is still standing.
During World War II, manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city’s population and economy. Shortly after the war, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta.
In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta began to express themselves in acts of violence. On October 12, 1958, a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was bombed; the synagogue’s rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, was an outspoken advocate of integration. A group of anti-Semitic white supremacists calling themselves the “Confederate Underground” claimed responsibility.
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